Преобразование политической системы Турции в XXI веке

Abstract

У статті розглядаються процеси трансформації турецької політичної системи від періоду становлення і розвитку турецької державності при першому президентові країни - Мустафі Кемалі Ататюрці до сучасного етапу розвитку країни. Обґрунтовується теза, що за основу турецької політичної системи взята модель Франції. Особливу увагу в статті приділено особливому становищу Туреччини щодо інших країн. Незважаючи на те, що Туреччина територіально розташована переважно на азіатському континенті (97%), частина її прилягає до західного світу. Таким чином, Туреччині притаманні як традиційно східні принципи побудови державності, так і європейські цінності. У статті подано порівняння двох моделей державного розвитку Туреччини: Мустафи Кемаля Ататюрка – демократична світська західна модель розвитку і Таїпа Реджепа Ердогана – традиційна ісламська східна модель. Автор приходить до висновку, що турецька модель політичного розвитку є унікальною, оскільки турецька державність, будучи в серединному геополітичному положенні, є змішанням різних форм політичного, національного і державного функціонування.

This article examines the processes of transformation of the Turkish political system, touching on the period of formation and development of Turkish statehood under the first President of the country – Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, covering the modern stage of development of Turkey. The author substantiates the idea that the model of France is taken as the basis of the Turkish political system. Professor Sami Selchuk, former President of the Turkish Сourt of Appeal, concludes that the instability of the Turkish political system (the presence of many military coups) is due to an incorrectly chosen example of political development. The article focuses on the special position of Turkey in relation to other countries.Despite the fact that Turkey located mainly on the Asian continent (97%), part of Turkey is adjacent to the Western world (3%) - the largest and oldest city of Istanbul. Thus, Turkey has traditionally Eastern principles of building a state, and European values are reflected in the Turkish model. The article compares two leading Turkish models of state development: Mustafa Kemal Ataturk – a democratic secular Western model of development and Tayyip Recep Erdogan – a traditional Islamic Eastern model. The first President of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, set out to transform the Republic of Turkey from a monarchical Patriarchal political system to an advanced secular democratic Republic. Atatürk carried out large-scale state reforms to transform Turkish statehood, completely removing the past of the backward Ottoman Empire. Today, this system has been replaced by the justice and development Party-AK party, which positions itself as a moderate Islamist Party, adheres to the democratic values bequeathed by Atatürk, and continues to actively work to bring the Turkic peoples closer together, and has enjoyed support among the Turkish people for 15 years. The representative of this party is President of Turkey Erdogan. The article analyzes the views of researchers who emphasize the political power of Erdogan under the rule of Kemal Ataturk, the first President of the country, who founded modern Turkey in 1923 after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. A key aspect in the formation of Turkish ideology is related to overcoming the barriers between East and West, since Turkey is part of both sides and combining Western (democratic) and Eastern (conservative, traditional) principles, thereby creating a new model for the development of Turkish society and state national policy. The conflict in modern Turkey arises between those who are in favor of preserving the old structure and those who are in favor of shaking up the old structure and forming a new one. One can observe a confrontation between adherents of Kemalist principles, which are largely misunderstood and interpreted by modern political figures. Based on the analysis of the main stages of the formation of the Turkish political system, as well as the involvement and generalization of data from Turkish researchers, it is established that in a few years it will be possible to observe the development of two scenarios. The first scenario provides for the strengthening of the presidential power of Erdogan, and the second - the refusal to strengthen the presidential power of the current President and a coup. The author comes to the conclusion that the Turkish model of political development has its own uniqueness, since the Turkish state, being in the middle of the geopolitical situation, has a mixture of different forms of political, national and state functioning.