Adaptive Changes of the Cardiovascular System to Physical Exercise in the Young Males of the Mountainous Districts of Zakarpattia: the Role of Somatotype and Component Body Composition

Abstract

Introduction. The cardiovascular system рerforms a particularly important role in the adaptation of children, adolescents, and young adults to various environmental factors. During periods of rapid growth in children, adolescents, and young adults, significant variability in morphophysiological parameters and physical development is observed, largely influenced by somatotype. Changes in hormonal levels at different stages of ontogenesis result in significant morphofunctional differences, particularly in the cardiovascular system. Zakarpattia is a region with ecological and geographical features that determine the endocrine and morphofunctional status of people living in these territories.The purpose of the study is to determine the peculiarities of the recovery of the cardiovascular function according to the indicators of the recovery of the heart rate and blood pressure after dosed physical exercise in young males of the mountainous districts of Zakarpattia, depending on the somatotype and the component composition of body mass. Materials and methods. 124 young males aged 17-21, residents of the mountainous regions of Transcarpathia, participated in the study. The assessment of the dynamics of cardiovascular system indicators depending on the constitutional characteristics of body composition was carried out by methods of heart rate monitoring, sphygmomanometry, bicycle ergometry, determination of somatotype using caliper and bioimpedancemetry, as well as statistical processing of research materials using Microsoft Excel 2010 spreadsheets.Results and discussions. The number of young males with increased diastolic pressure, which is regarded as a negative vascular reaction, after performing work with a power of 1 W per 1 kg of body mass was 7.26%, and after performing work with a power of 2 W per 1 kg of body mass, it was 2.42%. The "phenomenon of infinite tone", which disappeared within 1 minute after stopping work, was observed only after performing work with a power of 2 W per 1 kg of body weight in 41.13% of young males. The dynamics of changes in diastolic pressure during dosed exercise in the examined young males depended on the somatotype: the highest percentage of individuals with an increase in diastolic pressure appeared in endomesomorphs and in young males with a balanced somatotype, namely in 9.52% and 7.14%, respectively; depended on the component composition of body mass: in 5.26% of young males with a relatively normal content of skeletal muscles and in 6.2% of young males with a high relative fat content, we observed an increase in the level of diastolic pressure above the baseline, while in young males with high and very with a high relative content of the muscle component and in persons with a normal and low relative content of fat, no such changes were registered. The «phenomenon of infinite tone» was observed only in 50.0% of young males with a high relative fat content, who performed work under a cycle ergometric load with an intensity of 2 W per 1 kg of body mass.Conclusions. The prevalence of the fat component and the relative decrease of the muscle component in the somatotype and component composition of the body of young males from mountainous districts causes a negative reaction of blood vessels, namely an increase in diastolic pressure above the initial level.