Криза ефективності Ради Безпеки ООН в умовах російсько-української війни

Abstract

У статті аналізується криза ефективності Ради Безпеки ООН, спричинена агресією РФ проти України та її зловживанням правом вето. Відсутність адекватної реакції ООН на дії Росії з 2014 р. стала передумовою повномасштабного вторгнення у 2022 р. Окреслюються наслідки кризи та деякі кроки для зміцнення механізмів колективної безпеки і забезпечення відповідальності (зокрема, через Генеральну Асамблею ООН) та реформування діяльності Ради Безпеки ООН для відновлення її дієздатності у протидії порушенням міжнародного миру та безпеки.

The article analyzes the crisis of effectiveness of the UN Security Council, caused by the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine and its abuse of the veto power. The full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine has practically nullified the old architecture of global security and provoked a rethinking of the world order. The lack of an adequate UN response to Russia's actions since 2014 became a prerequisite for the full-scale invasion in 2022. The consequences of the crisis and some steps to strengthen the mechanisms of collective security and ensure accountability (particularly through the UN General Assembly) and reform the activities of the UN Security Council to restore its capacity to counter violations of international peace and security are outlined. The collective security system, the central element of which is the UN, was founded on a consensus basis among major powers to prevent aggression. At the same time, the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine revealed a fundamental institutional defect of this system, centered primarily around the veto power in the UN Security Council. A transition is observed from "centralized" collective security – the UN – to decentralized mechanisms of coalition security (for example, the "Ramstein" format, bilateral security guarantee agreements, etc.). The veto power transformed an instrument for preventing conflicts into an instrument for their legalization, confirming the ineffectiveness of the existing collective security architecture in the context of aggression by a permanent member of the UN Security Council. This situation actualizes the issue of UN reform, especially the institution of the veto power, to prevent similar threats in the future. Institutional renewal is critically necessary to restore the viability and effectiveness of both the UN Security Council and the UN as a whole. This transformation must be aimed at a fundamental task – transforming the UN Security Council from a "club of World War II victors" into an effective institution of multilateral arbitration, where the imperative of collective security will dominate over unilateral national interests. One such direction could be the creation of a UN Parliamentary Assembly.