Інноваційна діяльність в Україні: тенденції та проблеми розвитку

Abstract

В статті проведено аналіз тенденцій розвитку інноваційної діяльності в Україні за останні роки. Зміни в області інновацій простежено за динамікою Глобального індексу інновацій, рейтингу найбільш інноваційних економік світу, індексу конкурентоспроможності, індексу економічної свободи та індексу легкості ведення бізнесу в Україні в порівнянні з іншими країнами світу. Визначено, що якість освіти та кваліфікації значною мірою впливають на економічний та соціальний розвиток країни в довгостроковій перспективі. Вказано на необхідність урядових ініціатив, які б сприяли збереженню високопрофесійного кадрового потенціалу. Проаналізовано вплив ряду дестабілізуючих чинників, які гальмують інноваційний розвиток в Україні. Ключові слова: інновації, інноваційний розвиток, інформаційні технології, конкурентоспроможність, економічна свобода, економіка знань.

The study of the latest trends of innovative development of Ukraine has shown that Ukrainian IT-industry is developing with the rates of growth of 30-35% per year, as we know, information technology accelerates the innovation development of the country. In Ukraine there are more than 1000 IT-companies and more than 100 R&D-centers. The majority of developers (90%) are focused on outsourcing. Despite the fact that the innovative projects of Ukrainian companies have smaller scopes and budgets than the projects in Europe, the USA, Russia and Asia, Ukraine ranks fourth in the world according to the number of certified IT-specialists and the third in Europe in terms of the creation of outsourcing programs (offshore outsourcing is prevalent). In the Global Innovation Index in 2015 Ukraine took 64th place (among 141 countries). Today, the pace of innovation development is mostly determined by the level of training and qualification of workers. For the criterion of "education workers" Ukraine took the 5th place according to the results of a global study on Ukraine High Tech Reporte, and in Central and Eastern Europe Ukraine took the first place in the ranking by the number of graduates who entered the labor market. The outflow of intellectual capital of the country is continuing due to the lack of conditions for the preservation of highly professional human resources. In the ranking of the most innovative economies in 2015 Ukraine joined the list of the top 50, taking the 41st position, but compared with the previous year, the country's rating fell eight positions. The trends of innovative development and competitiveness of the country are the same. In 2015 according to the Global Competitiveness Index Ukraine took the 79th place among 140 countries, which is three points lower than the previous year. An illustrative indicator of innovative development is the level of economic freedom, according to which in 2015 Ukraine ranked 162nd (out of 178 in the ranking of countries), worsening the position by seven points compared to 2014; wherein tax freedom is very unstable. However, the index of business freedom in accordance with the rating of Doing Business has been growing since 2009. Comparing with 2013 Ukraine has risen by 29 positions in the ranking but it lags far behind neighboring countries: Poland, Belarus, Greece, Bulgaria, Slovakia. The main destabilizing factors in the development of innovations are political, economic, political and legal factors. The problems of development of innovations are the result of a lack of funds to stimulate them by the state; the destabilization of the banking system; an inefficient state regulatory policy; a lack of adequate legal protection of intellectual property; the instability of the tax system; systemic manifestations of corruption. Keywords: innovation, innovative development, information technology, competitiveness, economic freedom, knowledge economy.