Вплив фінансової кризи на стан дебіторcько-кредиторської заборгованості підприємств Львівщини

Abstract

У статті розглянуто причини фінансової кризи в Україні, фактори, що сприяли падінню рівня національної економіки. Здійснено аналіз структури та динаміки дебіторської та кредиторської заборгованості підприємств Львівщини. Визначено чинники фінансової кризи підприємств, причини та наслідки кризи неплатежів, дана оцінка стану розрахунків з дебіторами та кредиторами. Для підвищення рівня ділової активності підприємств Львівщини запропоновано використовувати сучасні методи управління заборгованістю та оптимізації витрат. Ключові слова: дебітори, кредитори, заборгованість, фінансова криза, розрахунки, управління дебіторською заборгованістю.

The political situation and economic instability in Ukraine are the main causes of the financial crisis that imbalanced business activity, limited the impact of the leadership on financial relations, caused the breach of inter-regional and inter-state links, reduced the demand for domestic products and caused inaccurate payments. In such conditions, the state of settlements with debtors and creditors at the enterprises of Ukraine, particularly in Lviv region, and the influence of different factors on the paying capacity of enterprises are becoming more important.The main factors that have caused negative economic trends are the following: the annexation of the Crimea and the military actions in the east of Ukraine; the lack of investments into Ukraine; the devaluation of the national currency; the decline in GDP; a high level of inflation and the increase of credit interest rates. These factors made it almost impossible to use credit resources for the replenishment of circulating assets and repaying obligations to foreign partners, etc. Export and import of goods and services in Ukraine have been reduced twice over the past 2 years. As a result of the influence of both external and internal factors, we can observe the decline in business activity of enterprises and their low paying capacity, which has caused the crisis situation at the majority of enterprises of Ukraine and in Lviv region, in particular. The analysis has shown that the accounts receivable in current assets at regional enterprises make up 65.0%, nearly 50% of which is a commodity debt. Immobilization of the significant part of the costs of enterprise in receivables not only slows down the financial cycle of an enterprise, but it is extremely disadvantageous for it and its partners. Over the past 3 years the share of accounts payable in current liabilities at enterprises of Lviv region has been increased to 80% and commodities accounts payable – to 50%. The ratio between receivables and payables is close to the critical value (within the range from 1.19 to 1.31), whereas the standard range is 1.5-2. Such ratio threaten the financial stability of enterprises. The cause of the critical state of settling accounts is the lack of management policy over accounts receivable and a weak control over accounts payable at enterprises of Lviv region. To solve the problem of receivables payment one should apply an integrated approach, take into consideration all the factors, complying the ‘principle of Pareto’, use modern techniques for managing debts (factoring, forfeiting and outsourcing), assess all possible risks and choose the optimal method of management. Keywords: debtors, creditors, debt, financial crisis, payments, management of accounts receivable.