Інноваційні зміни в економіці в контексті еволюційних зрушень

Abstract

В роботі здійснено аналіз сутнісно-змістового контенту інновацій та інноваційного процесу з метою розкриття окремих його складових та визначення їх впливу на процес формування інноваційно-орієнтованої економіки. Для досягнення поставленої мети у статті висвітлено позиції багатьох науковців щодо змісту та характеристик інновацій та представлено багатовекторний розгляд інновацій з позицій дискретності інноваційного процесу, фаз життєвого циклу інновації, сфер застосування, результату. Виділено переваги інноваційного типу розвитку економіки та обґрунтовано чинники, що перешкоджають у здійсненні інноваційної діяльності вітчизняних підприємств. Ключові слова: інновації, інноваційний процес, економіка, інноваційні зміни, інноваційно-орієнтований тип виробництва.

The paper analyzes the essence and semantic content of innovations and innovation process in order to demonstrate its individual compo-nents and to determine their impact on the development of innovation-oriented economy. To achieve this goal the article highlights the position of many academics regarding the content and characteristics of innova-tions and presents a multi-vectored consideration of innovations from the standpoint of discreteness of innovation process, the phases of life cycle of innovation, the spheres of application and implementation results. The characteristics of innovation as a product (physical form) and as an innovation process (dynamic form) have been defined in their dialectical unity, which gives an idea of innovation as a coherent economic category. An overarching role of the innovation process in the fields of education, science, production, exchange, distribution and consumption has been outlined. The term "innovation" is considered as a result of the learning process embodied in the form of new products, new technology, new method, the introduction of new elements, princi-ples and approaches to the implementation of economic activity in place of or along with existing ones, that is, innovation is created on the basis of scientific knowledge. The scientific approach, according to which the innovation is seen as a process of bringing a scientific discovery or technical invention to the stage of practical use and the acquisition of economic substance, also has been highlighted. The advantages of innovation-oriented type of economic development in the concept of advancement, through prerogative of achieving a competitive advantage, owing to the achievement of better results in comparison with the basic analog result, due to the orientation of the system on innovation. In order to form the progressive structural changes in the economy, based on innovative changes, the benefits of the innovative type of development have been highlighted and the factors that hinder the implementation of innovative activity by domestic enterprises, which are conventionally divided into internal and external, have been substantiated. As for the first group, the most significant effect is exercised by low innovative capacity of enterprises, incomplete information on the emergence of new technologies, insufficient information about potential product markets, missed opportunities for the development of integration ties with other producers and organizations, the search for qualified personnel and other. The second group includes: a low capital turnover and the lack of cash flow; insufficient state support (including financial one); the high cost of innovation, which is often exaggerated; a solvent demand for new kinds of products is generally low; a high level of economic risk, a long payback period of innovation. Keywords: innovation, innovation process, economy, innovative changes, innovation-oriented type of production.