Етнопсихологічне підґрунтя зимового циклу календарної обрядовості Закарпаття

Abstract

У статті розглянуто новорічно-різдвяні ритуали українців Закарпаття крізь призму психоаналізу. Проаналізовано психологічне підґрунтя обрядів випікання карачуна, водіння навколо різдвяного столу коня (або кози), вмивання родини перед вечерею снігом, обв‘язування святкового стола ланцюгом, наслідування дітьми голо-сів тварин, настилання соломи під скатертю та на долівці домівки… Карачун розглядається як символ закінчення старого й початку нового річного циклу, як уособлення зимового сонця. Новорічний міф трактується не тільки як метафоричне уявлення про початок життя всесвіту, а також як символічна історія про появу виокремленої свідомості людини. Акцентовано на зв‘язку новорічно-різдвяних свят з культом предків та уявленнях про потойбіччя.

In the article New Year and Christmas rituals of Ukrainians of Transcarpathia were shown through the prism of psychoanalysis. It was analyzed the psychological bases of such customs as: baking a kara-chun (round bread), going around the table with a horse (or a goat), washing up with the snow all members of the family before supper, binding the chain around the holiday table, imitating the voices of the animal by the chil-dren, laying a table and a floor with straw…Karachun is considered as a symbol of ending the old cycle and be-ginning the new one, as personification of winter sun. New Year myth is interpreted not only as metaphorical conception about the beginning of the universe life and also as a symbolic story about the appearance of separat-ed human consciousness. In this article the stress is made on the connection of New Year and Christmas with cults of the ancestors and ideas about the other world. It is defined that calendar customs of winter cycle is based on myths about world creation from the egg and transition from chaos to ordered space. Magic custom activities are dealt with New Year and Christmas and their aim was to support world structure through the reconstruction of ancient myths about birth of the world, the sun, victory of the light god over power of darkness. In the article it is observed that because of repetitive New Year‘s custom activities the man helps fate/god to continue its life and in such a way he/she becomes like a creator. It was proved that the belief in objectiveness of ideal spirit in the human body is the projection of archetype of Self into visible world and this becomes the precondition of Christmas customs. The New Year and Christmas were associated with sacral time in consciousness of our an-cestors, when boarders between visible and invisible world were wiped off. By the language of psychoanalysis, the line between conscious and unconscious have become very thin and archetypes of collective unconscious can overcome the barrier easily and became accessible to consciousness. Thus, opportunity to generalize the arche-type of Shade in beliefs of Transcarpatians is transformed in ability of animals to speak, to think and to damn during the period of Christmas holiday. For instance, when the countryman feeds domestic animals before Christmas he metaphorically ―cajoles‖ his own instincts. The story of birth of the Christ metaphorically approves the idea of projection of Self archetype on conscious level. Key words: folklore, myth, calendar, Christmas, New Year, ritual, belief, psychoanalysis.