Висвітлення партизанського руху в громадянській війні 1861-1865 рр. у сучасній американській історіографії

Abstract

У статті розглядається феномен партизанської боротьби в США та її вплив на рух війни. У дослі- дженні проаналізовано бібліографічний доробок та охарактеризовано основні аспекти питань, які розгляда- лися у публікаціях. Автор стверджує, що трималий періл часу історики, які вивчали суб'єкти громадянської війни в США, вважали партизанську боротьбу держав Конфедерації знаковою, але не цілком плідною сто- рінкою війни. Поточна популярність матеріалів, присвячених війнам у В'єтнамі та Афганістані, де пар- тизанська тактика показала себе досить продуктивною, дає можливість з нової точки зору поглянути на партизанську боротьбу під час громадянської війни

It this article the author lights up the phenomenon of partisan fight in the USA and its influence on motion of war. Its analysed in research bibliographic materials and the main aspects are described. For a long time, historians studying the subjects of the civil war in the United States, considered the guerrilla struggle of the Confederate States as a vivid but not entirely fruitful page of the war. However, it is impossible not to realize that the actions of the Confederate guerrillas have changed the nature of the civil war. The current popularity of materials devoted to the wars in Vietnam and Afghanistan, where partisan tactics have shown that it is quite productive, gives an opportunity to look at the partisan struggle during a civil war from a new angle. Most of the materials we have reviewed focus on the description of guerrilla warfare in individual geographic areas, or in relation to a separate guerrilla leader and the actions of his detachments. The new findings on the influence of guerrilla warfare have not been considered for a long time, but in recent years they have received a lot of attention. In 1986, the authors of the "Why the South Lost the Civil War" agreed that if, after defeat of regular troops, the Confederacy moved to a full-scale guerrilla warfare, this could have been an alternative to defeat. It would have developed into a struggle that the Spanish people carried against Napoleon during his invasion, and this would be an extremely heavy burden for the Union. The authors completely deny that the use of guerrilla tactics eventually became one of the reasons for the defeat of the Confederacy in the war. However, most modern historians do not support this statement and admit that, after the defeat of the regular army, no partisan movement could lead to victory in the war. Gary Gallacher, a well-known journalist and historian of the Vietnam War, argued that the Confederacy had to build its own guerrilla movement, like the Vietcong. However, it should be noted that in the 1860s there were no military doctrines at all, or even the views of those close to modern methods of warfare, and this would violate all the rules of the time and military traditions, which was impossible