Фактори глобального торговельного лідерства США

Abstract

У статті досліджено основні фактори, що сприяли становленню Сполучених штатів Америки як про- відного учасника світової торгівлі товарами та послугами. До таких факторів віднесено ресурсний; фактор розвитку підприємницьких структур, що здійснюють експорт; ступінь державної підтримки та розвиток інфраструктури зовнішньоекономічного підприємництва; структуру експорту та технологічний розвиток; особливості національної системи регулювання зовнішньої торгівлі та впливовість країни у міжнародних економічних організаціях. Визначено, що багаті природні умови сприяли розвитку сільськогосподарського експорту, формуванню розгалуженої транспортно-логістичної мережі, досягненню ефекту масштабу у виробництві. До ресурсних факторів, що позитивно впливають на позиції США на світових ринках, віднесено високопродуктивні трудові ресурси, високий рівень наукової та професійної підготовки кадрів, задіяних у експортних галузях. Важливим чинником у забезпеченні позицій країни як торговельного лідера є розвиток інфраструктури зовнішньоекономічної діяльності, зокрема системи державних органів сприяння експорту, а також домінуюча роль транснаціональних корпорацій як основного експортера американської продукції.

The paper is dedicated to the study of the main factors that contributed to the formation of the United States of America as a leading participant in world trade in goods and services. Country is now undoubtedly considered as a leader in both economic and political sphere, however is steadily losing its positions in trade in front of China’s development. It is underlined, that most scholars whether study political aspects of the leadership of the USA, or consider the general notion of “economic leadership” without granting special attention to trade leadership. The approach applied in the study of the impact of factors on the US position in the world trading system, takes into account both those that determine the country's natural competitive advantages – such as resources, and those that determine the acquired ones – such as technological development, export promotion infrastructure. The following factors are considered as critical in USA domination in global trade: resources; development of business entities engaged in export; degree of state support and development of infrastructure of foreign economic entrepreneurship; structure of export and technological development; features of the national system on foreign trade regulation and the country's influence in international economic organizations. It was determined that rich natural conditions ( vast arable lands, water resources and variety of climate conditions) contributed to the development of effective agricultural exports of USA, in which the country is having trade surplus. The formation of an extensive transport and logistics network was also due to the access to the oceans and long coastal line, while achievement of economies of scale is influenced by the concentration of huge territory under one national authority regulation. Resource factors that positively affect US positions in world markets include high-productivity labor resources, a high level of scientific and professional training of personnel involved in export industries. Inbound migration of qualified personnel also increases the productivity of economy. The paper studies the role of the system of state export promotion bodies as important parts of foreign economic activity infrastructure in the USA. In particular, the role of such bodies as International Trade Administration, Ex-Im Bank, The Small Business Administration, The Foreign Agricultural Service are studied as important driver in ensuring the country's position as a global trade leader. The country has also developed the best practice in effective functioning of technological parks. Special attention is granted to transnational corporations as main exporters of American products. It is mentioned, that due to their lobby by the state these forms of business have also helped the US in reaching leading positions of at the global market. The USA are also famous for their commercial diplomacy and show some features of protectionism and even the so-called economic nationalism in trade policy. The leading positions of the country in international economic organizations considered to be supportive for the interests of national traders abroad.