Проблема професійної дискримінації жінок в українській пресі 1920-1930-х років

Abstract

У статті досліджується репрезентація проблеми дискримінації жінок за гендерною ознакою у професійній сфері в українській пресі 1920‒1930-х років, визначаються технології і способи її медіаконструювання, простежується, яким чином ідеологічні дискурси впливали на громадську думку про професійну зайнятість жіноцтва.

1920 ‒ 1930s in the USRR were a period of industrialization, an era of large-scale economic experiments and transformations in industry. Women came to the masses to work and sought training, training, and gender stereotypes and prejudices were often hindered. The issue of the woman’s new social role, her rights in the public and professional spheres has been thoroughly discussed within various public discourses, including the media, so it is of considerable interest to researchers of press history. The article deals with the representation of the problem of discrimination of women by gender in the professional sphere in the Ukrainian Soviet press of the 1920s and 1930s, identifies the technologies and ways of its media construction, and traces how ideological discourses influenced public opinion about professional employment of women. The Ukrainian press in the 1920s posed to the public complex questions about the professional discrimination of women, the wage gap, the prejudiced attitude of employers towards women, women’s unemployment, etc. Journalists in the 1920s reported that workers were engaged in work that required the lowest qualification and was the least paid. Among the reasons were the low level of education of women workers. The biased attitude of the management was negatively affected, which sent men more willingly to study and, accordingly, they received higher qualifications and higher salaries. Journalists in the publications, as well as readers in the letters, spoke about vertical and horizontal gender segregation. The reconciliation of maternal and professional responsibilities is one of the important aspects of the problem of professional realization of womanhood, covered in the media of that time. Mothers with young children were discriminated against at work, although there was an official statement about supporting women and increasing quotas when applying for training, employment, even to the authorities. In the 1930s, the problem of gender discrimination remained as acute, but because of the pressure of the authorities, censorship (and self-censorship) had not been openly discussed. The production editorials were informed, and these numerous materials (both texts and photos) indicated that professional gender discrimination had not been overcome. Totalitarianism implied a return to patriarchal ideology. The defining ideological discourses of that period communist and patriarchal ‒ interacted and effectively influenced public opinion, which shaped new gender stereotypes.