Соціально-економічні аспекти міграційної політики Європейського Союзу

Abstract

Статтю присвячено аналізу соціально-економічних аспектів міграційної політики країн Європейського Союзу. Розглянуто основні нормативно-правові документи, які регулюють міграційні питання на рівні ЄС, а також здійснено короткий екскурс щодо міграційних процесів, які відбувалися в Європі протягом 1950-х-2008 рр. Визначено основні передумови та потреби в проведенні політики по залученню трудових мігрантів, однією з яких є визнана на рівні ЄС демографічна криза, яка негативно впливатиме на подальший соціально-економічний розвиток Європейського Співтовариства. Здійснено аналіз законодавчих та економіко-організаційних заходів найбільших країн-реципієнтів трудових мігрантів в ЄС – Польщі та Німеччини.

This article "Socio-economic Aspects of European Union Migration Policy" is devoted to exploring the features, prerequisites and socio-economic factors that encourage developed EU countries to implement measures to attract third-country migrants. For this purpose, a brief overview of the geography of migration processes that took place in Europe from the time of the formation of the European Union to the time of its full functioning was carried out. Following the final formation of the Union in 1992, basic legal acts were adopted that outlined the general rules and procedures for migration, but each country resolves the main issues related to the economic aspects of migration. In 2015, one of the most important issues that will affect the future development of the EU was raised, namely the demographic crisis that affected almost all countries, and the importance of which began to be discussed at a high political level. Through numerous studies of the population and labor markets, it has emerged that the rate of natural increase of population in Europe is extremely low, and because of the increase in life expectancy of Europeans, the retirement age may exceed the economically active population in the near future, which will put a heavy strain on the pension, tax and social systems. The largest recipients of migrant workers in 119 Міжнародний науковий вісник. Спецвипуск 1 (21). Ужгород, 2020 the EU Poland and Germany have long been aware of the need to respond to the growing demographic crisis and implement appropriate policies. Poland has undertaken a range of measures to minimize bureaucratic and permitting procedures for the employment of foreigners, and has introduced numerous economic incentives and benefits for migrants studying and working in Poland. As a result, millions of migrants support the Polish economy and the competitiveness of Polish businesses in European markets, and the contribution of migrants to GDP growth is highlighted by the country's leading economic institutions. Germany is pursuing a slightly different policy, but the adoption of the new migration law has proved that the country is already suffering from a shortage of manpower. Major forecasts from leading scientific institutions in the labor market indicate that Germany needs 200-400 thousand migrants annually to support economic growth. Although the analysis of the law shows that only skilled workers can obtain a work permit, but the situation may change in the near future, as the policy is prudent and gradually giving access to markets. General scientific methods were used in the article: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, statistical analysis.