ГОСПОДАРСЬКІ СВІТОГЛЯДНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ КОЛЯДОК І ЩЕДРІВОК (лінгвофольклористичне дослідження лексики на позначення тваринництва)

Abstract

У статті, покликаючись на лінгвістичні і фольклористичні підходи до опису фактів, проаналізовано лексику на позначення тваринництва. Зауважено, що тексти колядок і щедрівок відображають у своєму змісті інформацію щодо особливостей утримання худоби, догляду за ними, подають відомості про найпоширеніші види тварин та продукти тваринництва. З огляду на частотність використання певних образів зроблено припущення щодо їх походження, а також подано міркування щодо традиційності їх побутування у культурній традиції та господарському світогляді українців.

Christmas carols and shchedrivkas are a special (magical) kind of calendar ritual songs. It is winter calendar songs that store most information about the faith, history and worldview of our people. The songs often praised realia of household economies. Hence, the article takes the linguistic and folkloristic approaches to explore vocabulary, images and motives that relate to animal husbandry. This aspect of the study is relevant because it has not been studied before. According to the findings of the study, domestic animal husbandry is presented in the texts of carols and shchedrivkas by many lexical units which are combined into thematic groups. Specifically, there is a group of words that relate to cattle breeding and population (for example, herd). Special groups contain words that refer to animals in a general way (for example, cattle), as well as words that are specific names of animals (sheep, goat, cow, bull, horse, ox, chicken, etc.). The other groups combine words denoting animal products (lard, butter, cheese, etc.) and livestock-related ac-tivities such as cattle breeding, care and handling (to plough, buy, water, mow, etc.). The lyrics of the songs store information about household tools (whip, yoke, rake, etc.) and livestock buildings and structures (for example, obora, koshara (barn), etc.). The article examines the frequency of the use of the lexical units in question and describes specific functions of images related to animal husbandry. The conclusion is drawn that in Ukraine the most valued animals were sheep (they served as a source of meat, wool and milk); also, cows were widespread (dairy products). On the contrary, pigs were not popular animals for a long time. Another feature of the economic belief system of Ukrainians is that they used to farm with oxen rather than horses. In the texts of the songs, the functions of horses are very diverse, thus, require a more detailed study. The article contains the assumptions about the origin of the realia of animal husbandry in the texts of carols and shchedrivkas. Accordingly, their origin may be traced as far back as the Neolithic period, because it is at this time that cattle were largely domesticated.