Сучасна міграційна політика країн Європейського Союзу як фактор прямого впливу на зовнішню трудову міграцію українців

Abstract

Статтю присвячено дослідженню зовнішніх факторів української тру дової міграції до країн Європейського Союзу, адже Україна тривалий час є ос новним донором робочої сили для європейських економік. Для того, щоб охарак теризувати сучасний стан та обсяги легальних мігрантів в ЄС, проаналізовано дані Євростату, зокрема динаміку виданих перших дозволів на перебування та громадянств країнами-членами громадянам третіх країн. Польща та Німеч чина залишаються незмінними лідерами-реципієнтами трудових мігрантів, що обумовлено старінням населення, демографічною кризою та внутрішніми економічними причинами цих країн. Увагу приділено саме аналізу міграційної політики і міграційного законодавства Польщі та Німеччини – основних кра їн-реципієнтів трудових мігрантів з України.

This article is devoted to the study of external factors of Ukrainian labor migration to the countries of the European Union. For many decades, Ukraine has been one of the leaders among laborresources donors in the world, where migration tothe EU member states plays a significant role. The numerous internal factors that encourage Ukrai nians to seek work abroad are exacerbated by external factors that are beginning to play a greater role, as globalization and the transformation of world economic pro cesses change the nature and causes of migration. The publication explores the basic prerequisites for Ukrainian migration, namely geographical proximity, similarity of cultures, mentality and high professionalism, and their compliance with the basic laws of international migration.The main legal acts that regulate migration processes in the EU have also been analyzed. In order to characterize the current state and volume of legal migrantion in the EU, an analysis of Eurostat data was carried out, in particular the dynamics of the first residence permits and citizenships granted to third-country nationals by which we can see that Ukrainians are leaders among recipients, and the main purpose of the permits obtained is related to employment, education and family reunification. Poland, Germany and the United Kingdom remain unchanged leaders of migrant recipients, due to the population aging, demographic crisis, and internal economic causes. Lack of workforcein the labor markets can create significant economic losses for them: slowing GDP growth, reducing investment inflows, and reducing the competitiveness of countries on the world stage. The governments of these countries are very aware of the seriousness and importance of the problem, which is why the article focuses specifically on theEU migration legislation andmigration policies of Poland and Germany – the main recipient countries of migrant workers from Ukraine. The measures taken by Poland at the national level are a comprehensive, logical and consistent policy of filling the labor markets with workers which have already achieved results – 2 million Ukrainians are already working and living in Poland. Additional 1.4 million migrants are needed to ensure a stable economic growth in the future. Germany has long ago opened the door for migrant workers from all over the world, especially for the highly skilled ones, and with the adoption of the new migration law, which greatly facilitates workers’ access to the German labor market, the flow of migrants will only increase. The German economy requires 400,000 migrants annually for its sustainable development, so simplified requirements are an appropriate step towards achieving this goal. Eastern Europe, and Ukraine in particular, remains and will remain the largest donor of human resources for them in the near future. Keywords: migration, European Union, Ukraine, migration policy, external factors.