«М’яка сила» сусідніх держав в Україні: загальне та особливе

Abstract

У статті з’ясовано загальні та особливі ознаки політики «м’якої сили» Польщі, Угорщини та Росії щодо України. Схожими для трьох країн є більшість цілей, інституцій та напрямів «м’якого» впливу. Водночас «soft power» кожної з держав має свої особливості, які безпосередньо впливають на активність, характер та наслідки їхньої «м’якої» політики стосовно нашої країни.

The article considers the general and special features of the «soft power» policy of Poland, Hungary and Russia towards Ukraine. Similar features of the «soft power» policy of Poland, Hungary and Russia towards Ukraine are: 1) goals (formation of a positive image of states; dissemination of own values; support of foreign Poles, Hungarians and Russians; involvement of Ukrainian youth in education and work); 2) institutions (government structures; diplomatic institutions; state and non-state funds; public organizations of national minorities; educational institutions; mass media); 3) directions (economic; educational; cultural; informational). Special features of «soft» influence on Ukraine by each of the countries are: 1) the «soft power» of Poland and Hungary has a more favorable ground in Ukraine, because our country has a pro-Western foreign policy course; 2) the «soft» influence of Russia for a long time had an inertial character due to its attitude towards Ukraine as a related state; 3) after 2014, due to the use of «hard» methods against our country by Russia, the influence of Russian «soft power» in Ukraine has significantly decreased, in contrast to the «soft» influence of Poland and Hungary; 4) the «soft power» of Hungary, which is closely intertwined with the support of the Hungarian national minority, has a rather limited geographical scope in Ukraine (the territory of Transcarpathia); 5) a peculiar and influential institution of «soft power» of Russia is the Moscow Patriarchate and its branch – the Ukrainian Orthodox Church; 6) the educational direction of «soft power» of Russia and Hungary is greatly facilitated by the fact that school and higher education can be obtained in many educational institutions of Ukraine in Russian and Hungarian; 7) the informational influence of Russia and Hungary, especially after 2014, is often associated with negative criticism of the political and other spheres of life in Ukraine; 8) «soft power» of Russia and Hungary is accompanied by mass certification of the population of Ukraine, which poses serious political, demographic, socio-economic and other threats. Key words: «soft power», Poland, Hungary, Russia, Ukraine, politics, comparative analysis.