Порівняльний аналіз структури та динаміки інвестиційних потоків країн Північної Америки

Abstract

У статті здійснено аналіз структури і динаміки інвестиційних потоків між країнами Північної Америки. Країни регіону є найбільшим реципієнтом інвестицій, які в основному надходять у виробництво, фінансовий сектор і в розвиток інновацій. З кожним роком сума прямих іноземних інвестицій в США, Мексику і Канаду зростає, збільшуючи при цьому як залежність країн світу від Північноамериканського регіону, так і їх внутрішню залежність. Виявлено, що одним із чинників привабливості регіону була і є зона вільної торгівлі, яка з липня 2020 офіційно перетворилася з НАФТА на USMCA . Підписання нової торговельної угоди, з одного боку, було вигідним США, які змогли отримати нові важелі впливу на Канаду і Мексику щодо умов їхнього співробітництва з «третіми країнами», з іншого – дозволило зняти напругу в економіках Канади та Мексики, які знаходилися під загрозою запровадження санкцій з боку США.

The article analyzes the investment structure and dynamics of investment flows between North American countries over the past five years and, on the basis of the study, it is determined that the United States is the main investor, since the share of US foreign direct investment in the economy of Mexico and Canada is more than half. Every year the volume of investment flows between these countries has only grown, having increased by 35–40% over the past five years, which indicates the interdependence between the economies of these countries. In the article the size and structure of investment flows to Mexico, the USA and Canada is analyzed. It was found that the bulk of investments in Mexico were in the manufacturing and financial sectors, and the lion's share of them was from the United States, which has been a key financial and trading partner throughout Mexico's history. The dependence of the Mexican economy on US investments is huge, the share of such investments reaches 42.8%. The main US investors in the US economy are Japan, the UK and Canada. Their investments are mainly directed towards the chemical industry, manufacturing, the financial sector, as well as the development of innovative activities of companies located in the US. Investment flows to Canada were carried out in scientific and innovative activities, gold and oil production and trade, and a significant part of investments were made in the mining industry. The main investors for Canada are the USA, Great Britain and the Netherlands. The size of foreign direct investment in the Canadian economy over 5 years has grown by an average of 25%, namely from North American countries – by 22.51%. North American countries are the largest recipients of investments, which mainly go to manufacturing, the financial sector and the development of innovation. Every year the amount of foreign direct investment in the United States, Mexico and Canada is growing, while increasing both the dependence of the countries of the world on the North American region and their internal dependence. It was revealed that one of the factors of the region's attractiveness is a free trade zone, which in July 2020 official turned from NAFTA to USMCA. The signing of a new trade agreement, on the one hand, was beneficial for the United States, which was able to gain new leverage over Canada and Mexico regarding the terms of their cooperation with "third countries", on the other hand, it allowed to relieve tension in the economies of Canada and Mexico, which were under the threat of imposing sanctions from the US.