Трансформація європейського досвіду щодо банківського кредитування аграрного сектора України

Abstract

Досліджено стан банківського кредитування суб’єктів господарювання за 2019–2022 роки, розглянуто запроваджені НБУ нормативи з обслуговування споживчих кредитів та визначено головні пріоритети банків щодо кредитування під час воєнного стану. Здійснено аналіз банківського кредитування аграрного сектора, як гаранта продовольчої безпеки населення країни, який забезпечує продовольчу незалежність країни, але попри це, має ряд проблем щодо своєчасного фінансування власної діяльності. З цією метою вивчено європейський досвід підтримки аграрних виробників на прикладі Франції та Польщі. Залучення європейського досвіду у вітчизняну банківську екосистему дозволить розширити спектр банківських послуг для агровиробників, знизити відсоткові ставки за кредитами, гарантувати доступність до кредитних ресурсів, забезпечити страхування кредитів.

The banking sector is the most active participant in Ukraine’s integration process into the EU among other sectors of the economy, as 45% of banking institutions as of the beginning of 2022 have foreign investors in their equity capital structure. The purpose of the article is to study the European experience in lending to the agricultural sector and its implementation in the domestic banking system. In the present conditions, bank lending is an effective source of long-term financing of the economy around the world and the basis for its recovery from the crisis. Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine has led to a deep crisis that will have far-reaching consequences for the financial sector. However, the banking system successfully resists the challenges of the war. In the process of European integration of the banking system, the cost of credit resources has significantly decreased. Thus, the average interest rates on loans ranged from 20.5% in 2019 to 8.8% in 2021, i.e. there was a significant reduction in the interest rate on loans, which met the requirements of the European integration of the banking system. Instead, in the first half of 2022, the cost of hryvnia loans to business entities grew to 17.9% per annum, the reason for this growth is a significant increase in credit risk due to the full-scale invasion of Russia. The banking system of Ukraine, led by the NBU, is trying to support Ukrainian producers and businesses as a whole. Thus, as of 01.07.2022, the agricultural industry received the largest share of loans, namely 53%, since it is a priority for the Ukrainian economy and guarantees food security to many countries of the world. Due to the limited budget financing of agricultural producers in 2022, bank lending remains one of the main sources of financing for current projects of agricultural enterprises. France and Poland are prominent examples of efficient banking lending programs for the agricultural sector, in particular organic production. The practice of bank lending in the EU countries allows us to make a conclusion about the comprehensive support of agricultural producers from the state and banking institutions, this deserves attention and introduction to the activities of Ukrainian banks. The transformation of European experience in agricultural lending will enable Ukrainian banks to acquire the latest skills in introducing various banking lending programs not only for agricultural producers but also for other economic entities. Attracting European experience into the domestic banking ecosystem will expand the range of banking services for agricultural producers, reduce interest rates on loans, guarantee the availability of credit resources, and provide credit insurance.