Непрямі вибори президента як індикатор типовості чи атиповості президентських систем правління в Аргентині (1853–1994), Болівії (1985–1993) тa Чилі (1925–1980)

Abstract

Розглянуто сучасну методику визначення систем державного правління у межах республіканської форми державного правління. З'ясовано особливості інституту непрямих виборів президента в межах президентської системи правління. Проаналізовано особливості функціонування інституту непрямих виборів президента в Аргентині у 1853-1994 рр., Болівії у 1985-1993 рр. та Чилі у 1925-1980 рр. Президентські системи правління в Аргентині у 1853-1994 рр. і Чилі в 1925-1980 рр. визначено як типові. Президентську систему правління у Болівії в 1985-1993 рр. визначено як атипову.

The political practice shows that there (within the framework of a republican form of government) are presidential systems of government, which formally and/or actually differ from traditional or typical presidential systems of government. At the same time, extremely different factors of political process and inter-institutional relations, which are the conditions for defining and distinguishing between different types of systems of government, can be indicators for distinguishing typical and atypical presidential systems of government. In this cut, the purpose of the article is to determine whether the peculiarities of the institution of indirect presidential elections in Argentina (1853-1994), Bolivia (1985-1993) and Chile (1925-1980) can predetermine the typicality or atypicality of the presidential systems of government in these countries. This was done because of the fact that new institutionalism and its various types and paradigms were chosen as a theoretical and methodological basis of the proposed research. The researcher proceeds from the fact that indirect presidential elections peculiar to Argentina (1853-1994) and Chile (1925-1980). There was a tradition, according to which the Соngress elected a candidate who received the largest number of votes in general election. Therefore, the author determined the presidential systems of government in Argentina (1853-1994) and Chile (1925-1980) as typical ones. In return, the atypicality of the presidential system of government in Bolivia (1985-1993) was due to the fact that presidents Victor Paz Estenssoro (in 1985) and Jaime Paz Zamora (in 1989) were finally elected in parliament. However, in the first round of elections, which took place on the basis of a popular vote, they respectively received the second and the third places. Consequently, the post-electoral pacts in 1985 and 1989 did not support a popular choice of presidents, but instead influenced the election of heads of state as candidates who satisfied the party/coalition interests.