Асамблейно-незалежна система правління у Швейцарській Конфедерації

Abstract

Розглянуто сучасні методики визначення систем державного правління в рамках республіканської форми державного правління. З'ясовано особливості системи правління у Швейцарській Конфедерації. Систему правління у Швейцарській Конфедерації визначено як асамблейно-незалежну. Доведено, що приклад Швейцарської Конфедерації зумовлює необхідність виділяти такі чотири типи конституційних і політичних систем державного правління в рамках республіканської форми державного правління: президенталізм, парламентаризм, напівпрезиденталізм і асамблейно-незалежну систему правління. З'ясовано, що у 1959–2007 рр. та з 2015 р. склад Федеральної ради (уряду) визначався так званою «магічною формулою» у співвідношенні «2 + 2 + 2 + 1», а у 2008–2015 рр. – у співвідношенні «2 + 2 + 2 + 1».

Political researchers diversely define the system of government in the Swiss Confederation, in particular, as directorial (H. Kriesi), mixed (A. Lijphart), presidential (J. A. Cheibub), atypical parliamentary (R. Elgie) and assembly-independent ones (M. Shugart, J. Carey, O. Zaznaev, S. Ganghof). The fact is that the variability of the definitions of the system of government in the Swiss Confederation is due to the use of different criteria of typology of systems of government in the framework of the republican form of government. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to find out if it is appropriate to define the system of government in the Swiss Confederation as an assembly-independent one, as well as to analyze party and electoral attributes of the system of government in this country. It is important that new institutionalism and its variational types and paradigms are chosen as a theoretical and methodological basis of the proposed article. Based on the analysis, the researcher made the following conclusions: 1) proved that on the basis of the allocated indicators (non-popular elections of the Federal Council/government, irresponsibility of the government to the parliament), the system of government in the Swiss Confederation should be defined as an assembly-independent one; 2) substantiated that the example of the Swiss Confederation predetermines the necessity to allocate four types of constitutional and political systems of government within the framework of the republican form of government, i.e. presidentialism, parliamentarism, semi-presidentialism and assembly-independent system of government; 3) found that the composition of the Federal Council (government) in 1959-2007 and starting from 2015 was determined by the so-called «magic formula» in the ratio «2 + 2 + 2 + 1» (Free Democratic Party (FDP-PRD), Social-Democratic Party of Switzerland/The Swiss Socialist Party (SP-PS) and Christian Democratic People’s Party of Switzerland (CVP-PDC), but until 1971 — Conservative Christian Social People’s Party (K-CSP) — two mandates for each party; The Swiss People’s Party (SVP-UDC), but until 1971 — Farmers, Traders and Citizens Party (BGB) — one mandate for a party) and in 2008-2015 in the ratio «2 + 2 + 1+ 1 + 1» (Social-Democratic Party of Switzerland/ The Swiss Socialist Party (SP-PS) and «Free Democratic Party. Liberals» (FDP) — two mandates for each party; The Swiss People’s Party (SVP-UDC), Christian Democratic People’s Party of Switzerland (CVP-PDC) and Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland (PBD) — one mandate for each party).